Introduction
The dental malocclusion is a common anomaly in dogs and cats that can have a significant impact on their well-being. Malocclusions are characterized by malpositioned teeth or jaws, which can lead to oral trauma, chewing difficulties and infections. This article explores the different classes of malocclusion, their diagnosis and treatment options to help veterinarians better manage these conditions.
Malocclusion classification
Malocclusions are classified into four main categories according to the relationship between the jaws and the position of the teeth.
1. Malocclusion Class 1 (MAL1) : Neutroclusion
The relationship between the jaws is normal, but one or more teeth are misaligned. This type of malocclusion can include:
- Labioversion A tooth, such as a canine, is displaced outwards, which can prevent the corresponding tooth from fitting properly.
- Linguoversion A tooth is moved inwards, causing injury to the tongue or palate.
- Extra teeth The presence of extra teeth, often accompanied by the accumulation of plaque and gingivitis.
2. Malocclusion Class 2 (MAL2) : Mandibular distoclusion
The lower jaw is set back from its normal position, causing misalignment of the teeth. This can lead to trauma to the palate caused by mandibular teeth.
3. Malocclusion Class 3 (MAL3) : Mandibular mesioclusion
The lower jaw is set forward in relation to the upper jaw, a common phenomenon in brachycephalic breeds. In some cases, the lower incisors can damage the soft tissues of the mouth, such as the tongue.
4. Malocclusion Class 4 (MAL4) : Maxillo-Mandibular Asymmetry
This malocclusion is characterized by a misalignment of the jaws, often from side to side or in a rostro-caudal direction. This type of asymmetry can cause significant discomfort and affect mastication.
Why treat malocclusions?
Unlike humans, malocclusions in animals are not treated for aesthetic reasons, but to ensure normal normal occlusal function and prevent oral trauma. Poorly positioned teeth can lead to soft tissue injury, food debris accumulation and increased risk of infection and pain.
In cases where the malocclusion does not cause trauma or functional interference, it may be acceptable not to intervene, particularly in brachycephalic breeds with a prognathism (MAL3) that does not cause health problems.
Malocclusion Treatment Options
Treatment of malocclusions can vary according to severity and clinical symptoms. Here are the main possible interventions:
1. Dental Extraction
In many cases, extraction of problem teeth can be the most effective solution, especially if they cause injury or interfere with normal occlusion.
2. Crown Reduction and Vital Pulpotomy
This technique involves reducing the height of a tooth’s crown to eliminate traumatic contact with other oral structures. The pulp is protected by a restoration to ensure the tooth’s survival.
3. Composite inclined plane
A composite inclined plane can be used to correct Class 1 malocclusions (labioversion or linguoversion of the canines). This device helps to gradually reposition teeth without extracting them.
4. Active movement by elastic chain
This orthodontic technique is used to actively move malpositioned teeth, particularly maxillary canines in labioversion, to restore functional alignment.
Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics
Malocclusions can often be avoided or corrected at an early stage through preventive preventive and interceptive interventions. Veterinarians should carefully monitor the eruption of teeth in young animals, in particular by removing persistent deciduous teeth which can lead to malpositioning of the permanent teeth. L’ extraction of deciduous teeth or operculectomy (removal of the tissue covering an unerupted tooth) are preventive measures to ensure proper tooth development.
Conclusion
The dental malocclusion in dogs and cats can have a significant impact on their comfort and quality of life. Veterinarians play a key role in the early detection and appropriate treatment of these conditions to prevent pain and oral complications. Regular clinical assessment and prompt intervention help ensure functional occlusion and optimal well-being for our animal patients.
